Television broadcast networks (TBNs) are groups of television stations that collaborate to offer programming on various bands or frequencies, which may be terrestrial, satellite, or cable-based. The actual Interesting Info about تلویزیون شهری.
ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox networks are advertiser-funded and operate in significant markets under FCC regulation.
Origins
A television broadcast network connects TV stations in order to transmit programs from a central source, enabling each station to reach more viewers and increase ratings and advertising revenue. TV broadcast networks have also been used effectively as news and sports programming delivery methods, but with cable television and digital television increasingly competing for viewers’ attention, broadcasting has become an intensely competitive industry.
Early television was limited in its network options as technology improved and popularity grew exponentially. By 1948, 2 million homes across America owned television sets; a network television industry began slowly emerging; at first, only 30% of homes could access signals from network television channels.
By the 1950s, television had become an indispensable part of American life. Many early television programs drew from radio programs; Edward R. Murrow became famous during World War II for his radio coverage of Europe and later applied that same journalistic integrity to television, creating the news magazine See It Now. Additionally, Benny and Burns made their move onto TV screens as well.
Television broadcasting networks sought to expand their audiences by signing local stations as affiliates, who would retransmit the network’s programming directly to viewers in their area, adding local commercials or station identifications as necessary while not altering its original contents.
By the mid-1970s, NBC, CBS, and ABC television networks had come to dominate ratings in America. DuMont had experienced a brief resurgence during its quick comeback during the 1950s, yet quickly fell behind the Big Three networks in terms of viewership.
Development of color television
The development of color television was a long and tedious process. Initial attempts used mechanical systems that employed spinning colored disks to transmit image information. Unfortunately, these automated systems proved ineffective due to being incompatible with existing black-and-white sets; eventually, RCA developed an electronic system that allowed a gradual transition into color broadcasting as well as consumer acceptance of its new technology.
John Logie Baird invented the first mechanically scanned color system in 1940. His device combined a traditional black-and-white television display with a rotating colored disk. However, it proved impractical in practice, and he recognized the need for an entirely electronic system.
David Sarnoff of RCA introduced an advanced field sequential color system using an electric eye to scan images on a screen, significantly superior to the CBS field sequence system with its motor-driven disk of three primary colors rotating behind camera lens filtering subject in succession; monochrome images formed on cathode-ray tube display system while colored wheel similar to camera one restored it to original appearance.
Walt Disney’s Wonderful World of Color in September 1961 marked a significant turning point for television, convincing many consumers to purchase color television sets. As television evolved through the 1960s and 70s, network TV introduced more made-for-television films, which became wildly popular syndication offerings; westerns became less prevalent while medical dramas, realistic police series, science fiction, and fantasy shows all found an audience.
Development of satellite technology
Satellite technology forms the cornerstone of both cable and network TV broadcasting, whether broadcasters are living from Capitol Hill during a debate, driving at high rates on freeways, or broadcasting over long distances – be it the Capitol building during debate season, driving fast on freeways or broadcasting from their cars – satellites allow them to transmit their signals over long distances. Network broadcasters usually operate nationwide with local TV stations rebroadcasting their programming; its development has opened up new ways of communication, including mobile television services and streaming content delivery systems.
Telstar-1 was one of the earliest satellites designed to facilitate communication, launched by Bell Labs on July 10, 1962, and capable of transmitting black-and-white video and telegraph signals across the Atlantic Ocean, being tracked by ground stations in Maine and Brittany – it represents one of the most outstanding achievements in communications technologies history.
Since then, technological innovations in satellite technology have flourished rapidly. One example is smallsats, which reduce manufacturing costs while providing more sophisticated capabilities and opening up new uses, such as providing internet access in rural areas not currently serviced by traditional means.
Technology continues to progress rapidly and plays an ever-increasing role in developing nations. Satellites play an integral part in providing access to educational and medical resources in remote regions; relief agencies use them for tracking refugee populations; they even offer critical weather information!
American broadcast networks are subject to Federal Communications Commission rules, which set restrictions on how many local stations one company can own and operate simultaneously. Local television stations affiliated with networks are usually known as network O&O or owned-and-operated stations; smaller groups with similar branding may also be called television systems.
Development of digital television
Digital television (DTV) is a broadcasting technology that converts analog signals to digital ones and encodes these signals as bits of data that are transmitted over much lower bandwidths than their analog counterparts. DTV allows broadcasters to deliver higher-quality video and audio as well as additional services like multiplexing and electronic program guides more efficiently than with analog broadcasting technology.
Digital television technology has brought about significant shifts in broadcasters’ programming, revenue streams, and ownership structures. Broadcasters now have greater freedom to offer locally produced content, which should lead to an increase in consumer demand for digital sets. Furthermore, broadcasters may develop innovative video and information services through alliances with other telecommunications media.
Digital television (DTV) is now accessible to over one-third of American households, most often via over-the-air broadcasters licensed by the Federal Communications Commission to operate within certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Broadcasters can utilize this spectrum for transmitting multiple channels as well as high-speed data services.
Since the 1940s, television broadcasters have used analog signals, which consist of radio waves. Television sets then convert these analog broadcasts into usable television images using converters. Since 2009, however, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mandated all TV stations convert their transmissions from analog to digital in order to enable the removal of analog TV in 2014.
Multiple issues have hampered the transition to digital television, including consumers’ reluctance to purchase digital sets and broadcasters’ difficulty finding sustainable revenue models for new digital services. Yet many observers believe a transition will provide benefits for all parties involved: broadcasters could sell more television sets, manufacturers would be able to make better yet cheaper sets, and consumers will benefit from expanded programming options.
Development of internet
Television networks are groups of television stations that share broadcasting resources, such as transmission facilities, radio frequency transmitters, and antennas while providing familiar sources of programming across stations within that network. ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox are the four major networks operating nationally within the US; other independent stations may choose between airing programs from these major networks or providing their own locally relevant programming.
Government agencies license television networks to broadcast on specific frequencies within the electromagnetic spectrum, predominantly those found within the very-high frequency (VHF) and ultra-high-frequency (UHF) bands. TV networks use these frequencies to transmit programming directly to local terrestrial television stations known as affiliates that then broadcast it back out to viewers.
Networks typically provide affiliates with newscasts and prime-time programming; they may also set aside times during the day for affiliates to air local programming, such as local news or syndicated shows. National networks exist in most countries; some also feature domestic television channels licensed by their telecommunications authority, such as Canada’s CRTC, for use over the air; this body currently authorizes three networks in Canada: public channels such as CBC Television (both English) and Ici Radio-Canada Tele (both in French), TVA network plus APTN for Indigenous peoples in Quebec.
Terrestrial TV can also be accessed via cable or satellite providers, offering such channels as HBO, AMC, and Animal Planet – making cable a popular choice among many because you can watch multiple channels at the same time.
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